Dandruff is a common scalp disorder affecting almost every human being on this planet at the pre-pubertal stage and this can happen with any gender.
No population in any geographical region area would have pass through freely without being affected by dandruff at some stage in their life. The word dandruff is Anglo-saxon origin combination of ‘tan’ meaning ‘tetter’ and ‘drof’ meaning ‘dirty’. Dandruff affects aesthetic value and often causes itching. It has been well established that keratinocytes play a key roll in the expression and generation of immunological reactions during dandruff formation.
The severity of dandruff may fluctuate with season as it often worsens in winter. Even today, the debate on whether dandruff has to treated as disease or a disorder continues. In the physiological spectrum of scaling about 487,000 cells/sq cm get released normally after detergent treatment and this number goes upto 800,000 cells/sq cm during dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. However, dandruff is non-inflammatory in nature. The real cause for dandruff formation from the normal physiological spectrum of scaling is yet to be understood.
The spectrum of dandruff is difficult to define because it blurs with seborrhoeic dermatitis and some other scaly conditions. The inflammation and extension of scaling outside the scalp exclude the diagnosis of dandruff from seborrhoeic dermatitis.
However, many reports suggest a clear link between the two clinical entities – the mildest form of the clinical presentation of seborrhoeic dermatitis as dandruff, where the inflammation is minimal and remain subclinical. Histological examination reveals the scattered presence of lymphoid cells and squirting capillaries in the papillary dermis with hints of spongiosis and focal parakeratosis. Conceptually, dandruff is a dandar and represents nothing more than physiologic scalingscaling.
Hence it is believed that physiological scaling process requires more of cosmetic management. The response of treatment is swift, but transient. On the contrary seborrhoeic dermatitis is obviously more inflammatory in nature extending outside the limit of scalp surface. Dandruff scale is a cluster of corneocytes,
which have retained a large degree of cohesion with one another and detach as such from the surface of the stratum corneum. The size and abundance of scales are heterogeneous from one site to another and over time. Parakeratotic cells often make up part of dandruff. Their numbers are related to the severity of the clinical manifestations, which may also be influenced by seborrhea. There could be several etiopathologic pathways with complex mechanism, which can cause dandruff.
The role of lipophilic yeast belonging to the genus Malassezia was widely accepted to play a role in dandruff way back in 1846.Eichstedt was the first to recognize the presence of this fungus in the disease pityriasis versicolor. The scalp form as biocenose for various organisms. During dandruff the levels if Malassezia increase by 1.5 to 2 times to its normal level. It has been debated the quantitative microbial assessment of all kinds does not indicate the role of yeast Interestingly, the specific relationship between a species of Malassezia appears to be the strategy for treating dandruff. In response to the use of antifungal preparations,malassezia reduces but the population of bacteria seldom affected. The clinical situation recurs and Malasszia population increase to the initial level.
Another aspect on the microbial cause of dandruff is the positive treatment response of dandruff to various steriods. Steriods are known to suppress the immune flare up and the microbe will advantage the immune. But the good treatment response and prolonged remission period with steroid treatment raises a doubt on the microbial cause of dandruff. Whether the increased Malassezia count is the result of abundant scales or abundant scales is due to the increased Malassezia population lack clear explanation till date.
There are seven species of Malassezia have fulfilled the koch Postitules as a pathogen of dandruff till date. Both in dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis, the population of Malassezia is nor uniform throughout the skin surface and inside the stratum corneum. Clumpy adherence of the yeast is seen in some corneocytes , whereas other corneocytes in the neighborhood region harbor few of these yeast. It is presumed that perhaps the Malassezia binding site may differ in corneocytes.
Another postulate is the natural antifungal peptide of the immunity to the above cause. In dandruff, their expression could be impaired at some sites where the abundance of Malassezia is more. It is known that Malassezia has antigenic and pro-inflammatory properties stimulating both innate & acquired immune response and neuro immune sensorial response as well. In dandruff the immune response is not altered.
The Malassezia – corneocyte hypothesis still leaves some doubt. It does not explain why scaling at low grade (2-5 mg/cm scalp/2 days) with low parakeratotic index persist despite dandruff being resolved and Malassezia largely removed.[5] It is hypothesized that the antifungal agents may not be able to eradicate deep-seated yeasts allowing a minimal inflammatory reaction to be maintained or the anti inflammatory activity claimed in the anti dandruff agents is not effective enough in vivo.
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The third one is anti dandruff pack it benefits in Anti-Dandruff Pack works on the roots to remove dandruff, strengthen your hair, reduce hair fall, and promote overall hair and scalp health and the last one is anti dandruff combo Our melmaa Anti-Dandruff Pack works on the roots to remove dandruff, strengthen your hair, reduce hair fall
